Everything about The Turkish-armenian War totally explained
The
Turkish-Armenian War was a conflict fought between the
Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) and
Turkish Revolutionaries of the
Turkish National Movement which lasted from
24 September to
2 December,
1920 Pirioghlu's reign was abolished by the British High Commissioner, Admiral
Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe. Consequently the DRA was able to claim the territory for its own, which had been forced out of the Ottoman Empire before the armistice.
Active stage
The Oltu conflict, June 1920
The conflict began in June 1920 . The Turkish national movement wasn't happy with possible agreement between the Soviets and DRA. Karabekir was informed by the
Grand National Assembly of Turkey regarding the Boris Legran agreement and ordered to resolve the Kars issue. The same day the agreement between DRA and Soviet was signed, Karabekir moved his forces toward Kars.
Kars and Alexandropol, October 1920
On
October 24, Karabekir's forces launched a massive campaign on Kars.
Rather than fighting for the city, the Armenians abandoned Kars which by
October 30 came under full Turkish occupation.
Those who couldn't escape in time were faced with pillage, rape, and massacre.
Turkish forces continued to advance and soon captured and occupied the city of Alexandropol (present-day
Gyumri,
Armenia) one week after the capture of Kars.
On
November 12, the Turks also captured the strategic village of
Agin, northeast of the ruins of the former Armenian capital of
Ani and then planned to move towards Yerevan.
On
November 13, Georgia broke its neutrality after concluding an agreement with the DRA to invade the disputed region of
Lori which was established as a Neutral Zone (the Shulavera Condominium) between the two nations in early 1919. Armenia feared the security of the Armenians in the region if the Turks were to invade.
The Treaty of Alexandropol, November 1920
The Turks, headquartered in Alexandropol, presented the Armenians with an ultimatum which they were forced to accept. However, this was followed by a more radical demand which threatened the existence of Armenia as a viable entity. The Armenians at first rejected this demand, but when Karabekir's forces continued to advance, they'd little choice but to capitulate.
On
November 18,
1920, a cease-fire agreement was concluded.
However, as the terms of defeat were being negotiated between Karabekir and Armenian Foreign Minister
Alexander Khatisian,
Joseph Stalin, on the command of
Vladimir Lenin, ordered
Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze to invade the DRA from Azerbaijan in order to establish a new pro-Bolshevik government in the country. On
November 29, the
Soviet Eleventh Army invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day
Ijevan).
Fearing the capture of
Yerevan and
Echmiadzin by Turkish forces in the case that the Bolsheviks shouldn't arrive, the Armenians signed the
Treaty of Alexandropol on
December 2 with Turkey in which the DRA was to disarm most of its military forces, cede more than 50% of its pre-war territory, and to give up all the territories granted to it at the Treaty of Sèvres
, which wasn't ratified by the Armenian Parliament as the
Soviet invasion took place at the same time.
Aftermath
End of the DRA, December 1920
In late November there was yet another Soviet-backed communist uprising in Armenia. On November 28, 1920 blaming Armenia for the invasions of
Sharur (20.11.1920) and
Karabakh (21.11.1920), the 11th Red Army under the command of Anatoliy Hekker (or
Anatoli Gekker), crossed the demarcation line between
Democratic Republic of Armenia and
Soviet Azerbaijan. The second Soviet-Armenian war lasted only a week. Exhausted by the 6 years of permanent wars and conflicts, Armenian army and population were incapable of any further active resistance.
When on December 4 1920. the Red Army entered Yerevan, the government of Armenian Republic effectively surrendered. On
December 5, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (Revkom; made up of mostly Armenians from
Azerbaijan) also entered the city. Finally, on the following day, the December 6,
Felix Dzerzhinsky's dreaded secret police,
Cheka entered Yerevan, thus effectively ending all existence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia.
The
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was then proclaimed, under the leadership of Aleksandr Miasnikyan.
Treaty of Kars, 23 October 1921
The violence in
Transcaucasia was finally settled in a friendship treaty between
TBMM (which was declared Turkey in 1923), and the
Soviet Union. The peace
Treaty of Kars, which was signed in
Kars by the representatives of
Russian SFSR,
Azerbaijan SSR,
Armenian SSR,
Georgian SSR, and TBMM. TBMM had another agreement, "Treaty on Friendship and Brotherhood" also called
Treaty of Moscow, signed on March 16, 1921 with the Soviet Union. By this treaty Turkey ceded
Adjara to the USSR in exchange for the Kars territory (today the Turkish provinces of
Kars,
Iğdır, and
Ardahan).
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